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论移民

August 10, 2015 by Charles Eisenstein

August 2015


最近我从自己的联络表中收到了下面这个问题。我决定公开回答,因为类似的问题常常和移民叙事(immigration narrative)交织在一起,远远超出了英国的范围。

“我在一家女性收容所工作,最近一位土耳其女子来到我们这里。他的态度是她在英国,因此政府应该照顾她和她的孩子。她想让自己儿子接受英国的教育,因此她向政府政府借债,因为她为了得到英国的签证已经花了两年时间,她在英国才仅仅三个月,免费享受着我们的各种健康护理服务。她没有工作志向,也不想投入工作,却想着被照顾。这种态度让我火冒三丈,因为这不是一个孤立事件。如果您能给我提供一些建议或者看待这种情况的不同或更好视角,我将不胜感激。”
这里我们可以看到一个富有同情心的人,她注意到自己是如何被吸引到怨恨叙事(a narrative of resentment)中的。她在寻找另外一种解释,注意到自己的愤怒但同时也相信一定有看待问题的另一种方式。

从根本上来说,这里的担心是外国人来到英国(或者其他发达国家),利用那里的社会服务或工作机会。这就意味着对于那些已经生活在那个国家的人来说,工作机会更少、纳税更高、社会服务更紧张。本土居民因此而责备移民者,反过来他们被说成种族主义、恐惧外国人(xenophobic)。但事实上,这种紧张局面是更大的环境所带来的不可避免之果。

第一点要考虑的是为何这些移民想离开自己的祖国,然后经历两年的签证申请过程的压力(或者乘非法船只穿过地中海或隧道进入得克萨斯州),把自己熟悉的一切都抛之脑后。原因(请允许我化繁为简)是发达国家(或者更准确的说,全球资本是基于发达国家的)使得贫穷国家对于它们的大量居民来说已经无法居住了。新自由主义、自由贸易协定、经济紧缩、全球债务体制,这一切都榨取了欠发达国家的财富,并将其转移到更加发达的国家。而且,要执行这种体系,经常需要进行政治镇压,从而也导致了种族暴力。这一切都促使生活在发达国家之外的大量人民无法生活。

使另一个国家的人无法生活,而后当他们不想生活在那里时,再试图用暴力将他们赶出去,这种做法是荒唐愚蠢的。制定使那里的人可以生活的政策不是更好吗?这样的话,从一开始就不会有移民问题了。

与之相关的第二点:财富向富人的转移也对发达国家造成了影响。金融资本的扩张是以穷人为代价的,当然也包括中产阶级、市政府、小企业、养老金和政府税收。这造成了地方性资本匮乏和忧虑,影响了人们的观念,就像是我的通信者那样。我相信如果她没有目睹三十年来社会服务的下降和经济不安全的增加,她就不会感觉那么怨恨了。即使她自身做得全是对的,但她身边的许多人却不是这样。经济不安全淹没了我们所有人。当经济生活向我们嚷道“永远都不够”的时候,我们就不大可能对移民、穷人或者任何需要帮助之人怀有慷慨的冲动。当我们经济安全时,我们可能会对那位土耳其女子的态度做出不同的解释。也许她不想工作是因为她生病了,或者她有很多孩子要照顾,或者她是一位卧病在床的母亲…… 谁知道呢?谁知道在我们进行评判的面孔背后隐藏着什么样的故事呢?

评判的实质是:“如果我处在她的位置,我会比她做得更好。”但每当我对别人的处境了解更多时,他们的行为似乎就更加可以理解了。并且我意识到:“是的,如果我处在她的位置,我很可能会做出同样的事。”

当然,种族主义和恐外症(xenophobia)会妨碍这种移情(empathy),因为它们将目标锁定在去人性化或退化的存在范畴。不过,把种族主义或恐外症看成经济不平等的根本原因也是错误的。怨恨和分配的状况被建造成支配地球的经济系统。种族主义、民族偏见等等,使得这一系统成为可能,使其似乎理由充足,但却不是造成它的原因。
如果我们真的关心移民问题,而不是建造更高的城墙、进一步加强边界安全,为何不改善人们迫不及待要离开之地的状况,使其更加能够忍受呢?
给我写上面那封信的女子,可以说,实际上和移民在同一条船上。引起她怨恨的经济逻辑和驱使大部分移民行为的逻辑是相同的。这个系统通过使其受害者相互争斗而永存下来。这些紧张只会随着各个层次的债务压力的增加而增加。责怪其他受害者模糊了这一现实。当然,有很多人成功地随着他们的慷慨冲动而采取行动,尽管他们的身边也经济匮乏。但是,如果能创造一个体系去体现和鼓励这些冲动,那不是更好吗?
在这里我不想谈这种体系会是什么样的——关于这个问题我写过一本书。不过,我们会越来越清楚地知道问题的核心是什么。如果这一点以前还不够明显,那么希腊这个国家就使其显而易见了。问题和核心就是债务奴役,这种债务正日益控制人们的生活和国家的政策。

 


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